Mussolini and the Church essays

Mussolini and the Church essays During the outbreak of World War I, Italy remained a neutral state, many socialists including Benito Mussolini at the time believed that war was imperialistic and contrary to working class interests. The Italian government intrigued by the territorial lands they would acquire through the treaty of London agreed to ally themselves with Russia, Great Britain, and France. As the country prepared for war, Mussolini changed his stance and supported the call to war initiative, his reversal was justified in the belief that wartime chaos would spark a revolution and encourage nationalistic feelings amongst the citizenry. Feelings he could capitalize on. Such thoughts subsequently earned him dismal from the Italian Socialist Party. When the war concluded in November 1918, Mussolini sympathized with the nations hundreds of thousands of war veterans, many of whom were unemployed and dissatisfied with the liberal Italian state. To rouse their support, Mussolini established a political movement called the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento members of this movement came to be known as Fascists. Initially, youth were organized into armed squads in order to defend Fascist rallies. Later on, these squads would be used to attack and disrupt the rallies of rival political factions such as the socialists. Through this tactic Mussolini effectively integrated wartime tactics into peacetime politics. This paper will briefly outline the historical significance of the affiliation between Church and State, how the rise to fascist prominence in 1922 coincided with its relationship to Roman Catholic Church as illustrated by the constant tension of Mussolinis agreements with the Vatican. In order to gain an understanding of the relationship between Church and fascist Italy it is wise to examine the historical ties between pre-Fascist Italy and the Vatican. As it was in Spain, the relationship was hostile. The State att...

Article Review Essay Example for Free

Article Review Essay The article, School Counseling Outcome: A Meta-Analytic Explanation of Interventions, written by Whiston, S., Tai, W., Rahardja, D., and Eder, K. is research done to show if certain interventions and techniques used by school counselors are effective. The article discussed two types of studies, one with controlled comparisons and another involving pre and posttest differences. The article began with the history of counseling and the model counselors are using. Campbell and Dahir’s (as cited in Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, & Eder, 2011), â€Å"specified that school counselors should coordinate a program that facilitates academic, career, and personal social development†. Many schools and counselors have been following Gysber’s and Henderson’s model which has four program components supported by the American School Counselor Association (ASCA). They include guidance curriculum, individual planning, responsive services, and system support. There has been limited research done on these components to conclude if the interventions are effective. â€Å"A major problem with the reviews of school counseling is that they are not able to indicate the degree to which school counseling interventions influence student outcome† (Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, & Eder (2011). In the article there were some major strengths and gains. There was evidence that specific interventions work with certain groups. The research also supports the need for school counselor to be more involved with all students, since there is a positive effect when students have been working with a guidance counselor. Yet, we still need more  research in the elementary level to see how we can support the younger students more effectively. There were also some major limitations noted about the study. This included not having enough supported information on how the interventions or treatments were conducted, missing valuable information, not having reliable standardized assessments, not following up to see how the interventions helped, and the study was done with only specific interventions. They also concluded that there were specific gains in certain areas, but could not identify how they got those results. The conclusions of the studies indicate that students who receive services from a counselor scored higher on standardized test. Counseling also helped with discipline, problem solving, and career knowledge compared to students not receiving any interventions. This shows the importance of having a school counselor and the role they play in making a difference in the lives they touch. Both studies indicated the â€Å"effectiveness of a balance approach to school counseling that provides a guidance curriculum to all students and responsive services that respond to students’ issues† (Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, & Eder, 2011). In this study we can see how important a school counselor is to students facing difficult issues. It is noted how some interventions can help a student be successful with academics, social interactions, and behavior. After reading this article I can see how effective counseling can be for all students. As an elementary teacher I will try to use a strategic comprehensive guidance program and data to guide my instruction. Using information from teachers, parents and administration I can plan my lessons to better meet the needs of students. Following up with students and keeping data on interventions will be a priority. References: Whiston, S. C., Tai, W., Rahardja, D., & Eder, K. (2011). School counseling outcome: A meta†analytic examination of interventions. Journal Of Counseling & Development, 89(1), 37-55. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00059.x Article Review. (2016, Apr 23). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Older People, Dementia & Policy in Scotland Essay

Older People, Dementia & Policy in Scotland - Essay Example It is becoming clear from both public debates and academic and policy maker discourse in the UK that many older people (i.e., those over the age of 65 years) much prefer to live their lives within their own homes. With aid from family and friends, an aggregate of the senior community seek to maintain their autonomy, independence and active well being (Audit Commission 5). However, a number of errors have been found in the reporting of expenditure of public care services, and these are attributed to the nature and parameter of service delivery across different areas of the UK. For example, evening and weekend home care in most areas, whilst others are consistently unable to receive night home care. Further, home-care workers trained in mental health were only available in 7 of 58 areas in a national study. Also, many older persons and their informal carers have not received additional support from community care agencies, as do older persons and trained carers within hospitals and nur sing homes. In the future, older people with mental health problems are to receive an equally good response regardless of where they live. This is one of the ways by which government and volunteer agencies seek to develop home-centered care, and to support informal carers and service users (Audit Commission 32). Equality and Diversity A feminist approach to the ethical care within social work for the older person is of recent intense focus in discourse. This school of thought encourages the professional social worker to actively reflect on concepts of social justice, autonomy and human rights, as well as extending investigation in to how aging is understood (Lolyd 1171).

Cocaine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cocaine - Essay Example To understand those who use it, one must understand that cocaine is a stimulant drug that is primarily metabolized by the liver. So much of the drug is metabolized by the body, that less than 1% of the drug is secreted through urine. As stated by Maureen Coombs, â€Å"Cocaine is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant and induces a euphoric sense of happiness and increased energy. It can be chewed, insufflated, smoked or injected and has both medicinal and recreational uses†. With this information in mind, one can understand why individuals who use this substance do so. The purpose is not to experience a high, as it is with individuals who smoke marijuana. Instead, cocaine users seek the euphoric feeling and high level of energy associated with its use. Reports that have come out in past decades have indicated that deaths from cocaine use are not caused by overdose. Such reports may have caused a reduction in concern over its very real dangers. The reality is that cocaine c ontinues to kill thousands of individuals every year, and most of those deaths result from long-term damage caused by extensive abuse. According to Karch, â€Å"It is important to understand that death from acute cocaine toxicity is a relatively rare event, essentially only seen in ‘body packers’ or ‘body stuffers’ who find themselves exposed to massive, multigram quantities of cocaine. Otherwise, the only cocaine users likely to become seriously ill or die are the chronic users†. That is to say, fatal overdoses from cocaine do not occur from users â€Å"over indulging† in the user’s illegal substance of choice. Rather, the overdoses result in something going awry when individuals attempt to use themselves or allow themselves to be used as a drug mule. Packages of immense amounts of cocaine in their body are supposed to be sealed, but occasionally the packages become broken down enough to allow the cocaine to absorb in to the body. One of the reasons why cocaine users do not overdose through regular use is that the amount of cocaine required to produce an overdose is not possible via that method. The user would have to make themselves sick to achieve an overdose. When the purpose of using the drug is to achieve euphoria, to make oneself sick would be counterproductive. In terms of usage, â€Å"Nasal inhalation is the most popular method of cocaine administration certainly because of its discretion† (Blaise, pg. 1262). There are also the options of injecting the drug, or smoking it. As Blaise wrote, snorting cocaine is typically the primary method chosen because of the ease with which one can hide it—at first. Extended cocaine use has the unpleasant side effect of causing nasal lesions, which are all but impossible to hide. When officials want to test for cocaine, often they will take hair, blood, or urine samples. A little known fact about hair is that it essentially acts like a tree core. Where on a tree, each ring represents a year of life, hair shows signs of illegal substance use up to 90 days later. Urine tests can be used to screen for cocaine use 2-5 days after use, with the exception for those with certain kidney disorders. Finally, blood tests can be used accurately within 2-5 days. Individuals who indulge their drug habit with cocaine will find that at first, all may seem well and good.

Politics :: essays research papers

à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Arafat and the PLOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? "We must remember that the main enemy of the Palestinian people, now and forever, is Israel. This is a truth that must never leave our minds." --- Palestinian Authority Justice Minister Freih Abu Middein, speaking at Al Azhar University in Gaza. (Al-Nahar, 11 April 1995; The Jerusalem Post, 17 April 1995) As expressed in the above quote, the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 sparked much resentment from nearby Arab states, which immediately waged war against the new nation. Consequently, a severe refugee problem was created among the Palestinians that had been living in and near the territories that were taken over by Israel. An estimated 726,000 Palestinians were displaced; some were forced to other Arab states in the Middle East, while others were confined to refugee camps in Israel. In the mid-1950s, Arafat and several Palestinian Arab associates formed a movement known as Fatah, dedicated to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reclaiming Palestine for the Palestinians.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? It quickly became the largest and most popular Palestinian organization mostly due to the fact that it did not define a distinct ideology, and kept a rather vague and unspecified platform in order to avoid too close an identification with any one particular Arab country. Fatah and other splinter sects eventually operated under an umbrella organization, the Palestine Liberation Organization, formed in 1964. Arafat, as a member of the Husseini family, had a niche of credibility, an advantage that allowed him to quickly generate a loyal following (Bickerton 147). Running Fatah became Arafat's full-time occupation, and by 1965, the organization was launching guerrilla raids and terrorist attacks into Israel. The PLOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Tumultuous Beginning As Israel emerged victorious in the Six-Day War of 1967, and captured the Golan Heights from Syria, the West Bank from Jordan and the Gaza Strip from Egypt, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict took on a heightened tension. Following th e war, Arafat moved the headquarters of the PLO to Jordan. Terrorist activity was conducted by fundamentalist splinter groups within the PLO, such as the Liberation for Palestine (PFLP), the Palestine Popular Struggle Front, and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), in an attempt to draw attention to the Palestinian cause. In 1968, Arafat and the Fatah got international publicity when they inflicted a significant defeat on Israeli troops who entered Jordan. These PLO's activities increasingly troubled Jordan's King Hussein because it prevented him from considering any negotiated settlement with Israel.

Merck Ethics Essay

In developing a drug to combat river blindness, pharmaceutical company Merck discovered an opportunity to treat millions of affected peoples around the world that probably would never see commercial use. The drug in development, ivermectin, was unaffordable to the primary victims of river blindness, Third World peoples. Thus, Dr. Vagelos, the head of research at the time, treaded upon a ethical quagmire; he could either choose to scrap the drug and its further research or he could spend millions more on a drug destined for financial failure. In accordance with Merck’s company direction at the time, Dr. Vagelos understood that the purpose of the company was to serve people and that profits result from the fulfillment of this primary purpose. As such, Dr. Vagelos not only pushed for further research on the drug, but decided when he became CEO to offer the drug, now Mectizan, for free to all affected individuals. Dr. Vagelos decision fulfills all four of Fleming’s principles of ethics. In general, his decision reflects Fleming’s definition of ethics, which is a â€Å"standpoint from which all persons have a special dignity or worth.† The choice to make the drug available for free is utilitarian, as the number of affected individuals worldwide greatly outweigh the number of negatively impacted stockholders. In doing so, Dr. Vagelos choice also illustrates his belief that people are entitled to the right of humane treatment by others. Similarly, his choice reveals every person’s obligation to protect and ensure these rights. Dr. Vagelos decision is also just and fair, in that all members of a group (in this case, the human race) are to be treated with equal benefits.

Positive And Negative Impacts Of Children With Disabilities

I found a lot a new thing in the readings and video that I haven t thought about before. I m a little embarrassed that I have never thought about some of these things. I am a very independent person and that is something that was stressed to me my entire life as a valuable quality to have. I was always told make sure I get a job so I can support myself and move out of the house. I never once thought about staying with my parents or them moving in with me I had assumed everyone was taught the same. Many young individuals with disabilities face a difficult period of doubt as they transition from childhood into adulthood, primarily in the area of getting employment and independent living. For youth with disabilities who have not been†¦show more content†¦For some families, having a child with a disability may cause a lot of stress in the family. Families can experience stress from social discrimination and negative attitudes coming from stereotypes. Members of the community that have negative attitudes may not want to associate with youth with disabilities which may lower the chances of community participation and social inclusion. A family feeling embarrassed and ashamed may not participate in the community as often. Many families believe that their children need protection, therefore they take total control of the independence which can lead to lower self-esteem. This attitude prevents youth with disabilities from reaching their full potential. This could be a cont ributing factor as to why there is a lower number of youth living independently. However, even with supportive families, many youths with disabilities face major challenges in the education system. As educators, we need to ensure that there is open communication with parents and we are listening to their wants and needs. Educators need to make sure that families fully understand their child s disability. Families, parents, and caregivers of youth with disabilities are held back by the lack of information and knowledge on resources and services to support youth with disabilities. If families and youth don t fully understand their disability they might not understand the educational and communityShow MoreRelatedChildren With Intellectual Disabilities Should Be Educated1114 Words   |  5 PagesStudents with an intellectual disability have been educated separate from students in general education classrooms for quite some time. Over time, many countries have adopted children with intellectual disabilities being educated in the general education classrooms. Howeve r, major differences can be seen in the utilization of inclusive education not only across countries, but even across the same country. 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Some of the many ob stacles a teacher may face are; engaging unmotivated children in the classroom, promoting positive conditioning and reinforcement and accommodating those with development disabilities (Symonds, 1941). Keeping studentsRead MoreRelationship Between Brothers And Sisters868 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween brothers and sisters when one has a disability or developmental delay. There are many factors that affect these sibling relationships. The family system framework consists of family inputs that affect family subsystems. This paper will take a look into the sibling subsystem and the effects a sibling with a disability has on their sibling. These sibling relationships may be viewed as problematic, but research has shown that there are many positive outcomes to these special sibling relationshipsRead MoreWhat Are The Pros And Cons Of Inclusion? Essay1720 Words   |  7 Pagesgoals and objectives of IDEA and No Child Left Behind Act. NCLB was enacted to ensure that all children have a fair, equal and significant opportunity to obtain high quality education. The problem arises, however, when children with disabilities have to take the same test as students without disabilities. Savich st ated that critics argue that this goal is unrealistic, and unfair. Students with disabilities cannot do well on these standardized tests. The results will be lowering of their self esteemRead MoreThe Views Parents And Teachers Have On Inclusion And How These Views Impact On Classroom Inclusion Strategies1594 Words   |  7 Pagesteachers have on inclusion and how these views impact on classroom inclusion strategies. This report will discuss inclusion and the benefits for all students. The discussion will then focus on recommendations for bringing these views into line with current policies. This will be investigated by reviewing literature on inclusion through recently published journal articles and internet sites. According to Inclusion Now (2015) â€Å"inclusion means that all children, regardless of their background or abilityRead MoreSocial, Emotional and Intellectual Research Paper728 Words   |  3 Pagestheir lives. Daily experiences and relationships with others have mayor impacts in how a child develops in these areas. Children are guided by emotions and social interactions. Consequently, these connections will guide their cognitive development. NAEYC states â€Å"that optimal development and learning in the early years will most likely occur when children establish positive and caring relationships with adults and other children† (Bredekamp Copple, 2009). Emotions make every person unique and original